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Sains Malaysiana 52(8)(2023): 2191-2207
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5208-03
Removal Efficiency for Micro-Polystyrene in Water by the
Oil-Based Ferrofluid Employ Response Surface Methodology
(Keberkesanan
Penyingkiran Mikro-Polisterina dalam Air oleh Bendalir Magnetik Berasaskan
Minyak menggunakan Kaedah Gerak Balas Permukaan)
NATASHA NIZAM1, SUMITHRA MOHANASUNTHAR1,
ALYZA A. AZMI1, SABIQAH TUAN ANUAR1,
YUSOF SHUAIB IBRAHIM1 & WAN MOHD AFIQ WAN MOHD
KHALIK1,2,*
1Microplastic
Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
2Water
Analysis Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Received: 15 February 2023/Accepted: 12 July
2023
Abstract
This
research article presents a study on the potential use of oil-based ferrofluid
for the efficient removal of microplastics from water. The targeted analyte,
micro-polystyrene (micro-PS), was chosen along with palm oil as the carrier
liquid. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted to identify
the main peaks in the ferrofluid, including carboxyl group (1542 cm-1), C-H bonding (1022 cm-1),
CH2 bonding (2941 cm-1), CH3 bonding (3461 cm-1),
C=C bonding (1255 cm-1), and Fe-O (597.34 cm-1). A
comprehensive investigation of the synergistic effect of six variables was
performed: volume of oil (4-15 mL), weight of magnetite nanoparticles (0.1-0.2
g), stirring rate (132-468 rpm), contact time (3-12 min), pH value of water
samples (pH 6-8), and effect on ionic strength (0-16 g/L). Response surface
methodology, including 26-Plackett-Burman and 24-central
composite design, were employed to establish the relationship between the
variables. The optimum operational settings proposed by the model were as
follows: volume of oil (14.6 mL), weight of magnetite nanoparticles (0.1 g),
stirring rate (216 rpm), contact time (3.29 min), pH value of water samples (pH
6-6.5), and effect on ionic strength (16 g/L), resulting in a remarkable
removal efficiency of 91.09 ± 0.99%. The method exhibited desirable figures of
merit, including a low bias (%RSD) of below 5% and the ability to reuse the
ferrofluids for up to five cycles. Additionally, an analytical greenness metric
was employed to assess the environmental impact of the sample preparation
process, with a green score of 0.69/1.0 (indicating a light green colour).
Future work in this field could focus on the scalability of the developed
method and its applicability to real-wastewater treatment.
Keywords: Emerging contaminant; magnetic separation; marine
debris; microplastic
Abstrak
Artikel penyelidikan ini membincangkan satu kajian mengenai
kegunaan berpotensi bendalir magnetik berasaskan minyak untuk penyingkiran yang
berkesan bagi mikroplastik daripada air. Analit sasaran, mikro-polisterena
(mikro-PS), dipilih bersama dengan minyak kelapa sawit sebagai cecair pembawa.
Analisis Transformasi Fourier Inframerah (FTIR) telah dijalankan untuk mengenal
pasti puncak-puncak utama dalam bendalir magnetik, termasuk kumpulan karboksil
(1542 cm-1), ikatan C-H (1022 cm-1), ikatan CH2 (2941 cm-1), ikatan CH3 (3461 cm-1), ikatan
C=C (1255 cm-1) dan Fe-O (597.34 cm-1). Kajian menyeluruh
tentang kesan sinergi enam pemboleh ubah telah dijalankan: isi padu minyak
(4-15 mL), berat nanozarah magnetit (0.1-0.2 g), kadar pengacuan (132-468 rpm),
masa sentuhan (3-12 min), nilai pH sampel air (pH 6-8) dan kesan ke atas kekuatan
ion (0-16 g/L). Kaedah gerak balas permukaan, termasuk 26-Plackett-Burman
dan 24-reka bentuk komposit pusat digunakan untuk menetapkan
hubungan antara pemboleh ubah tersebut. Tetapan operasi optimum yang
dicadangkan oleh model adalah seperti berikut: isi padu minyak (14.6 mL), berat
nanozarah magnetit (0.1 g), kadar pengacuan (216 rpm), masa sentuhan (3.29
min), nilai pH sampel air (pH 6-6.5) dan kesan ke atas kekuatan ion (16 g/L)
yang menghasilkan kecekapan penyingkiran yang baik pada tahap 91.09 ± 0.99%.
Kaedah ini menunjukkan ciri prestasi yang diingini, termasuk kebolehan untuk
digunakan semula hingga lima kitar bagi bendalir magnetik dan ralat rendah
(%RSD) di bawah 5%. Tambahan pula, satu metrik kelestarian analitik digunakan
untuk menilai impak alam sekitar proses penyediaan sampel dengan skor
kelestarian 0.69/1.0 (mewakili warna hijau muda). Penyelidikan masa depan dalam
bidang ini boleh memberi tumpuan kepada skalabiliti kaedah yang dibangunkan dan
kebolehgunaannya dalam rawatan air sisa sebenar.
Kata kunci: Bahan pencemar baharu muncul; mikroplastik;
pemisahan magnetik; serpihan sampah
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*Corresponding author; email: wan.afiq@umt.edu.my
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